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Clin Transl Oncol. 2008 Dec;10(12):774-6.
Music therapy in oncology.
García Jordá E.
National Association of Health Reporters[Asociación Nacional de Informadores de la Salud (ANIS)].

Newsweek. 2008 Jun 23;151(25):48.
'Some kids do die'. How a pediatric oncologist balances reality and optimism. The banjo helps.
Carmichael M.

Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2008 Apr;22(2):343-53, viii.
Integrative oncology: complementary therapies for cancer survivors.
Wesa K, Gubili J, Cassileth B. Integrative Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1429 First Avenue (at 74(th) Street), New York, NY 10021, USA. [email protected]
Cancer survivors experience a wide range of symptoms during and following completion of treatment, and some of these symptoms may persist for years or even decades. While pharmacologic treatments relieve many symptoms, they too may produce difficult side effects. Complementary therapies are noninvasive, inexpensive, and useful in controlling symptoms and improving quality of life, and they may be accessed by patients themselves. Rigorous scientific research has produced evidence that acupuncture, massage therapy, music, and mind-body therapies effectively and safely reduce physical and emotional symptoms. These therapies provide a favorable risk-benefit ratio and permit cancer survivors to help manage their own care.
Publication Types: Review

Pediatr Res. 2008 Jul;64(1):105-9.
Impact of music on pediatric oncology outpatients.
Kemper KJ, Hamilton CA, McLean TW, Lovato J.
Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA. [email protected]

Music is widely used to enhance well-being. We wished to assess music's effect on pediatric oncology outpatients. Patients who had leukemia and were in maintenance or consolidation outpatient treatment served as their own control at two visits. At visit 1, children rested for 20 min; at visit 2, for 20 min they listened to music designed to increase vitality and improve heart rate variability (HRV). At both visits, parents completed before and after treatment visual analog scales (VAS) of their child's relaxation, well-being, vitality, anxiety, stress, and depression; patients' heart rates were monitored during treatments to calculate HRV. The 47 patients with complete VAS data and 34 patients with usable HRV data were similar. At baseline, VAS scores for negative states were low (average <2.5 of 10) and positive states were high (average 7> of 10). Relaxation improved more with music than rest (p < 0.01). The HRV parasympathetic parameter was significantly lower with music than rest. No other differences were significant. Further studies are needed to better delineate the relationship between
subjective and objective measures of well-being among patients who are not in severe distress.

J Music Ther. 2007 Summer;44(2):139-55.
A project investigating music therapy referral trends within palliative care: an Australian perspective.
Horne-Thompson A, Daveson B, Hogan B.
Calvary Health Care Bethlehem, Melbourne, Australia. [email protected]
The purpose of this project is to analyze music therapy (MT) referral trends from palliative care team members across nine Australian inpatient and community-based palliative care settings. For each referral 6 items were collected: referral source, reason and type; time from Palliative Care Program (PCP) admission to MT referral; time from MT referral to death/discharge; and profile of referred
patient. Participants (196 female, 158 male) were referred ranging in age from 4-98 years and most were diagnosed with cancer (91%, n = 323). Nurses (47%, n = 167) referred most frequently to music therapy. The mean average time in days for all referrals from PCP admission to MT referral was 11.47 and then 5.19 days to time of death. Differences in length of time to referral ranged from 8.19 days (allied health staff) to 43.75 days (families). Forty-eight percent of referrals (48.5%, n = 172) were completed when the patient was rated at an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance (ECOG) of three. Sixty-nine percent (n = 244) were living with others at the time of referral and most were Australian born. Thirty-six percent (36.7%, n = 130) were referred for symptom-based reasons, and 24.5% (n = 87) for support and coping. Implications for service delivery of music therapy practice, interdisciplinary care and benchmarking of music therapy services shall be discussed.

Intern Med J. 2006 Sep;36(9):579-86.
Critical review of complementary therapies in haemato-oncology.
Joske DJ, Rao A, Kristjanson L.
Cancer Support Centre and Department of Haematology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. [email protected]

There is evidence of the increasing use of complementary and alternative medicine by Australians diagnosed with cancer. Given the increasing desire of cancer patients to use complementary and alternative medicine, it is important that clinicians have a good understanding of the evidence available in this field. This critical review aims to provide an overview of the current evidence
pertaining to a range of complementary therapies that are used in a supportive role in the treatment of cancer patients. Treatment methods considered are acupuncture, music therapy, massage and touch therapies and psychological interventions. The efficacy of these complementary therapies in terms of
improvement in symptoms and quality of life is examined. Evidence that relates to an effect on immune function and survival is also investigated.
Publication Types: Review

J Soc Integr Oncol. 2006 Winter;4(1):27-39.
Integrative oncology in North America.
Sagar SM.
Juravinski Cancer Center, Canada. [email protected]
Integrative oncology is an evolving evidence-based specialty that uses complementary therapies in concert with medical treatment to enhance its efficacy, improve symptom control, alleviate patient distress and reduce suffering. In North America the evolution of research into complementary
therapies was delayed by the narrow focus of the Flexner Report. A government-funded research agenda and incorporation of complementary therapies into medical school curricula have been driven by early evidence of efficacy and patient demand. Integrative oncology focuses on the role of natural health products (botanicals, vitamins, and minerals), nutrition, acupuncture, meditation and other mind-body approaches, music therapy, touch therapies, fitness therapies, and more. Some natural health products, such as herbs and their constituent phytochemicals, may be biologic response modifiers that could increase cancer control. Current research stretches from the laboratory to health
services. Institutions are exploring the effectiveness gap in their clinical services and are determining efficacy of complementary therapies through randomized controlled trials. Eventually, the goal is to establish practice guidelines through determining relative effectiveness and value through
cost-utility studies. The aim of integrative oncology should be one medicine, not alternative; it should be patient-focused; it should be evidence-based; and it should provide the best care for cancer cure, prevention, symptom control, and quality of life.
Publication Types: Review

J Soc Integr Oncol. 2005 Dec 1;3(4):181-8.
Music therapy in oncology practice and research.
[No authors listed]

Med Sci Monit. 2006 May;12(5):CR200-5.
Does music exposure during chemotherapy improve quality of life in early breast cancer patients? A pilot study.
Bozcuk H, Artac M, Kara A, Ozdogan M, Sualp Y, Topcu Z, Karaagacli A, Yildiz M, Savas B.
Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, Dept. of Medical Oncology, Antalya, Turkey. [email protected]
BACKGROUND: Adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with poor quality of life (qol) in breast cancer patients. We tested the effect of listening to music during chemotherapy on quality of life in these patients. MATERIAL/METHODS: We tested in a prospective cohort the changes in qol scores as assessed by European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30), and the influence of listening to non-preferred music at the
chemotherapy unit on these parameters in a mixed linear model by repeated measures analysis of variance (RMANOVA). RESULTS: For the whole cohort, musical intervention was not associated with a change in any dimension of quality of life. However; the music effect significantly interacted with patient age; patients > 45 years old had improved insomnia and appetite loss scores after musical intervention (F = 6.76, P = 0.019 and F = 11.22, P = 0.004, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that brief, non-preferred music exposure at the time of chemotherapy administration does not improve quality of life in patients with early breast cancer. Nonetheless, there is still a possibility that a subgroup will benefit from this approach as suggested by the interaction of the music effect with patient age.

Support Care Cancer. 2005 Dec;13(12):961-6. Epub 2005 Aug 4.

Spirituality, psychotherapy and music in palliative cancer care: research projects in psycho-oncology at an oncology center in Switzerland.
Renz M, Schütt Mao M, Cerny T.
Psychoonkologie, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Rorschacherstr. 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland. [email protected]
It is recognized as increasingly important in palliative care that spiritual needs of terminally ill patients should be acknowledged and addressed. Two research projects investigated the feasibility of psychotherapeutic and music therapeutic assistance offered to advanced cancer patients. The first project (1998-2000) sought to improve the understanding of the effect of therapeutic support given to 80 patients and the characteristics of the dying process. The second project (2000-2003) assessed the significance of spiritual experiences in illness and affliction. Empathic therapeutic assistance, observations and systematic record keeping were combined with statistical assessment in an
interdisciplinary approach. A respectful attitude and spiritual care were taken to perceive and analyse changes in border areas of life. The first project studied the rules and methods of terminal communication and described three stages in the dying process. After a 'passing through,' the dying often had a spiritual opening leading in a state beyond all pain. The second project concentrated on spiritual experiences. Of 251 treated patients, 135 had such experiences. Spiritual experiences can have a great impact on physical and emotional well-being (alleviate pain, release from anxiety and despair, engender feelings of serenity and wholeness) and facilitate dying. Music therapy, psychotherapy and spiritual assistance offer essential methods for psycho-oncology and palliative care. A holistic and interdisciplinary approach is needed to assist patients in their complex suffering. Our findings on spiritual experience and terminal communication should stimulate further research in a
still unexplored territory of clinical research.

South Med J. 2005 Mar;98(3):282-8.
Music as therapy.
Kemper KJ, Danhauer SC.
Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., WinstonSalem, NC 27157, USA. [email protected]
Music is widely used to enhance well-being, reduce stress, and distract patients from unpleasant symptoms. Although there are wide variations in individual preferences, music appears to exert direct physiologic effects through the autonomic nervous system. It also has indirect effects by modifying caregiver behavior. Music effectively reduces anxiety and improves mood for medical and surgical patients, for patients in intensive care units and patients undergoing procedures, and for children as well as adults. Music is a low-cost intervention that often reduces surgical, procedural, acute, and chronic pain. Music also improves the quality of life for patients receiving palliative care, enhancing a
sense of comfort and relaxation. Providing music to caregivers may be a cost-effective and enjoyable strategy to improve empathy, compassion, and relationship-centered care while not increasing errors or interfering with technical aspects of care.
Publication Types: Review

Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 2004 Dec;54(12):457-70.
[Music therapy in oncology--concepts and review]
[Article in German]
Rose JP, Brandt K, Weis J.
Klinik für Tumorbiologie, Freiburg. [email protected]
The following article is addresses the applications and functions of music therapy in the acute and rehabilitative phases of treatment of adult cancer patients. It is based on a literature review with a focus on the state of empirical research in the oncology sector of music therapy and consequences for
the concepts of music therapy. First the basic aspects of music therapy treatment are explained to clarify the different research methods and to examine the special demands of oncology patients. Furthermore, a brief summary of the approaches of music therapy research in the most renowned educational institutions in Germany are outlined. The results of the studies and case histories are summarized and evaluated and provide the basis for the conclusions and recommendations for the music therapeutic practice in oncology.
Publication Types: Review

Hepatogastroenterology. 2004 Mar-Apr;51(56):451-3.
Reduction in salivary cortisol level by music therapy during colonoscopic examination.
Uedo N, Ishikawa H, Morimoto K, Ishihara R, Narahara H, Akedo I, Ioka T, Kaji I, Fukuda S.
Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Japan. [email protected]
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Premedication for endoscopy promotes patient cooperation and makes subsequent examinations more acceptable. Music therapy is widely used in the treatment of acute and chronic pain. Therefore, we investigated the effects of music therapy on pain and on salivary cortisol levels in patients undergoing screening colonoscopy. METHODOLOGY: The subjects were 29 consecutive patients undergoing colonoscopy for various reasons. Patients were randomly assigned to
undergo colonoscopy while listening to music (n=15) or while not listening to music (n=14). Cortisol levels were measured in samples of saliva obtained before and after colonoscopy. After colonoscopy, patients were asked to rate their maximum pain during colonoscopy. RESULTS: Patients who listened to music during colonoscopy tended to have lower pain scores. Salivary cortisol levels increased
significantly less in the group receiving music. CONCLUSIONS: Music therapy during colonoscopy markedly reduces fear-related stress, as indicated by changes in salivary cortisol levels.

Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2004 Mar;8(1):50-60.
'Thinking outside the box': complementary and alternative therapies use in paediatric oncology patients.
Molassiotis A, Cubbin D.
School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health Visiting, University of Manchester, UK.
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among children with cancer who had received or were receiving treatment at a large hospital in the UK, including the identification of the most commonly used therapies and parental motives for doing so. Using a cross-sectional survey design, questionnaires were sent to parents of
paediatric patients diagnosed with cancer. Of the 49 respondents, 32.7% reported using some type of CAM. The most commonly used therapies included multivitamins, aromatherapy massage, diets and music as therapy. Most children had used more than one therapy. Many of the factors that motivated parents to use CAM were related to helping or supporting their child's medical treatment. The main
benefits identified from using CAM included increased confidence, pain relief and relaxation. The longer the time since diagnosis the more children tended to use CAM. The reasons for parents not using CAM included the child doing well and therefore not seeing the need for CAM use; not being aware of CAM; CAM not being offered and lack of information available. Parents identified a need for more information to be available both at ward level and for information about CAM to be discussed by medical staff, particularly at the start of treatment. The results indicate that CAM is frequently used by children and young people with cancer and that their use plays a substantial role in helping children through their conventional cancer treatment.

23: Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2001 Dec;21(12):891-4.
[Clinical observation of music therapy combined with anti-tumor drugs in treating 116 cases of tumor patients]
[Article in Chinese]
Cai GR, Li PW, Jiao LP.
Oncology Department, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029.
OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical effect of music therapy in treating tumor patients. METHODS: Music therapy combined with anti-tumor drugs, including chemotherapy and Chinese drugs, was given to 162 tumor patients according to syndrome differentiation to observe the change of self-rating depression scale (SDS), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI), Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAMD) and T lymphocyte subsets (immuno-histochemical assay), NK cell anti-tumor activity (NAG method), etc. while 46 caces didn't receive music therapy were taken as the control group. RESULTS: The scale marks of SDS and SAS of the treated group after treatment were obviously lower than that of the control group significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). After treatment, the average values of MMPI on falseness (F), hypochondriasis (HS), depression (D) and psychosthenia (Pt) in the treated group were all improved (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05); but in the control group, significant difference only showed in MMPI on HS (P < 0.05). HAMD in the treated group revealed some improvement in insomnia, early awakening, daily work and interest,
systemic symptoms and hypochondriasis (P < 0.05), and significant improvement in depression, difficulty in falling asleep, psychiatric anxiety and somatic anxiety (P < 0.01); while in the control group, only work interest and HS had some improvement (P < 0.05). CD8 percent was reduced in both groups after treatment (P < 0.01), but in the treated group CD3, CD4 and CD4/CD8 ratio were not
significantly changed after treatment (P > 0.05); while in the control group they lowered obviously (P < 0.05). As for NK cell anti-tumor activity in the treated group before and after treatment, it was not significantly lowered (P > 0.05); while in the control group the lowering after treatment was significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Music therapy could regulate the emotion of tumor patient, optimize the emotional effect, improve the somatic symptoms, enhance the immune function, motivate the active principle and raise the self-regulating power in the body.

Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2002 Nov-Dec;6(6):332-6.
Restoring the spirit at the end of life: music as an intervention for oncology nurses.
Halstead MT, Roscoe ST.
[email protected]
Music is a useful therapeutic intervention that can improve quality of life for dying patients. Physiologic mechanisms in response to carefully chosen musical selections help to alleviate pain, anxiety, and nausea and induce sleep. Expression of feelings enhances mood. Palliative care nurses increase the
effectiveness of this intervention through careful assessment of patient needs, preferences, goals of intervention, and available resources. Music, a universal language, is an important clinical adjunct that addresses individual and family needs, thereby assisting patients to achieve a peaceful death. This article explores musical categories of preferences to assist nurses, patients, and families in choosing music that meets specific therapeutic objectives.

Psychooncology. 2002 Sep-Oct;11(5):379-88.
The effects of interactive music therapy on hospitalized children with cancer: a pilot study.
Barrera ME, Rykov MH, Doyle SL.
Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children & University of Toronto, On, Canada. [email protected]
BACKGROUND: The use of music therapy with children in health settings has been documented, but its effectiveness has not yet been well established. This pilot study is a preliminary exploration of the effectiveness of interactive music therapy in reducing anxiety and increasing the comfort of hospitalized children with cancer. METHODS: Pre- and post-music therapy measures were obtained from children (N = 65) and parents. The measures consisted of children's ratings of mood using schematic faces, parental ratings of the child's play performance, and satisfaction questionnaires completed by parents, children and staff. RESULTS: There was a significant improvement in children's ratings of their feelings from pre- to post-music therapy. Parents perceived an improved play performance after music therapy in pre-schoolers and adolescents but not in school-aged children.
Qualitative analyses of children's and parents' comments suggested a positive impact of music therapy on the child's well-being. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary findings are encouraging and suggest beneficial effects of interactive music therapy with hospitalized pediatric hematology/oncology patients. In future studies replicating these findings should be conducted in a randomized control
trial.

J Palliat Care. 2001 Autumn;17(3):177-81.
An ecology of love: aspects of music therapy in the pediatric oncology environment.
Aasgaard T.
National Hospital of Norway, Aalborg University, Denmark.
This paper explores how music therapy can assist patients and relatives in the processes of making friendship and love audible in a child cancer ward. Four short patient histories are presented to illustrate a health-oriented, ecological music therapy practice. Two histories describe how texts, made by patients, become songs, and how the songs are performed and used. Another two histories
deal with musical communication with dying children and their parents. The paper indicates that these interventions may involve more than palliation (making a disease less severe and unpleasant without removing its cause). Not least, such activities can make it possible for the sick child to expand from being "just a patient" into playing, if only for a moment, a more active social role. The processes of artistic interplay, in- and outside the sickroom, influence various relationships in the child's social environment.

J Music Ther. 2001 Fall;38(3):212-38.
The effects of group music therapy on mood states and cohesiveness in adult oncology patients.
Waldon EG.
University of the Pacific.
The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the efficacy of a music therapy protocol on mood states and levels of group cohesiveness in adult oncology patients. Eleven oncology patients in 2 groups (ages 30 to 84 years) took part in the study over a 10-week period of time (10 participants completed the study). During that period, participants took part in 8 music therapy sessions consisting of 2 types of interventions: (a) 4 "music making" sessions (where the mechanism for change included the process of making music) and (b) 4 "music responding" sessions (where the mechanism included the process of responding to music). The two types of music therapy sessions and their effectiveness on improving mood states and group cohesiveness were examined. The Profile of Mood States-Short Form (POMS-SF) was used to assess changes in participants' mood states. A content analysis, attendance records, and a questionnaire were used to assess levels of group cohesiveness. Results showed significant improvement in mood state scores (from presession levels to postsessions levels) after involvement in all music therapy sessions. Similar significant findings were found within each of the "music making" and "music responding" conditions but no differences were found when comparisons were made between those conditions. No statistically significant effects were found with
respect to group cohesiveness measures. Study implications and future research directions are discussed.

Oncol Nurs Forum. 2001 Jun;28(5):855-62.
Music as a therapeutic intervention for anxiety in patients receiving radiation therapy.
Smith M, Casey L, Johnson D, Gwede C, Riggin OZ.
Geriatric Psychiatry Department, James A. Haley Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tampa, USA.
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To determine whether music moderates the level of anxiety that patients experience during radiation therapy. DESIGN: Experimental, longitudinal, random assignment to music or no music therapy. SETTING: Urban radiation oncology center in a Department of Veterans Affairs hospital in the southeastern United States. SAMPLE: Forty-two men (19 in the experimental group, 23 in the control group) aged 39-80 years (74% white, 12% African American, 12% Hispanic, and 2% other) receiving definitive external beam radiation therapy for pelvic or abdominal malignancies. METHODS: Patients in the experimental group listened to music of their choice provided via audiotapes and headphones before and during their simulation and daily treatments for the duration of the planned course of therapy. The control group received standard care. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered initially to participants in both groups at the time of evaluation (time 1), post-simulation (time 2), at the end of the first week (time 3), at the end of the third week (time 4), and at the end of the fifth week or end of radiation therapy (time 5). MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLE: State anxiety. FINDINGS: No significant difference existed between the two groups to
suggest that music moderated the level of anxiety during radiotherapy. However, post-hoc analyses identified changes and trends in state anxiety scores, suggesting a possible benefit of music therapy during radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a lack of group differences, early intervention with music therapy for patients with high levels of anxiety may be beneficial. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nurses and other clinicians may administer state anxiety scales at the
initial visit or prior to pretreatment radiation planning (simulation). Individuals who have high state anxiety scores may receive nursing interventions tailored to reduce anxiety during simulation and the early part of radiotherapy.

J Music Ther. 2001 Spring;38(1):51-65.
The effect of the bonny method of guided imagery and music on the mood and life quality of cancer patients.
Burns DS.
Postdoctoral Fellow, In Affiliation with the Behavioral Cooperative Oncology, Group/Walther Cancer Institute.
Cancer patients continue to experience elevated levels of emotional distress, even after cancer treatment. Elevated emotional distress negatively impacts immune and endocrine functions and decreases life quality. This study explored the effectiveness of GIM in alleviating mood disturbance and improving quality of life in cancer patients. Eight volunteers with a cancer history were randomly
assigned to either an experimental or a wait-list control group. Experimental subjects individually participated in 10 weekly GIM sessions. All subjects completed the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and Quality of Life-Cancer (QOL-CA) questionnaires pretest, posttest, and at a 6-week follow-up. Individuals who participated in GIM sessions scored better on both mood scores and quality of
life scores at posttest than those participating in the control group. Additionally, mood and quality of life scores continued to improve in the experimental group, even after sessions were complete. Results indicate that GIM was effective in improving mood and quality of life in these cancer patients.

J Music Ther. 2000 Summer;37(2):118-46.
The effect of therapeutic music interventions on the behavior of hospitalized children in isolation: developing a contextual support model of music therapy.
Robb SL.
University of Missouri-Kansas City, USA.
The purpose of this study was to provide preliminary data that support or negate a contextual support model of music therapy. The contextual support model of music therapy, based on Skinner and Wellborn's (1994) motivational theory of coping, argues that therapeutic music environments possess elements of structure, autonomy support, and involvement that lead children to become more actively
engaged with their environment. This study examined three basic suppositions of the theory: (a) that music interventions create supportive environments, (b) that music interventions increase children's active engagement, and (c) that relationships exist between supportive environments and engaging behavior. Ten pediatric oncology patients restricted to an isolated environment participated in the study. Participants, serving as their own controls, experienced four different environmental conditions. Each condition was videotaped to facilitate collection of environmental and behavioral data. Statistical analyses of these data revealed: (a) that the music environment possessed a significantly higher
frequency of environmental support elements than other activities typically experienced by hospitalized children, (b) that therapeutic music interventions elicited significantly more engaging behaviors from hospitalized children than other hospital activities, (c) that positive behavioral effects of music
interventions were not maintained in hospital experiences that followed the music session, and (d) that environmental support elements were related to some positive behaviors but these behaviors were not consistent across environments.

Psychooncology. 1999 Mar-Apr;8(2):99-111.
Health care professionals' familiarity with non-pharmacological strategies for managing cancer pain.
Zaza C, Sellick SM, Willan A, Reyno L, Browman GP.
Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, Canada. [email protected]
Many studies have confirmed unnecessary suffering among cancer patients, due to the inadequate use of analgesic medication and other effective interventions. While pharmacological treatments are appropriately the central component of cancer pain management, the under-utilization of effective nonpharmacological strategies (NPS) may contribute to the problem of pain and suffering among cancer patients. The purpose of this study was to determine health care professionals' familiarity with, and perceptions regarding, NPS for managing cancer pain, and to assess their interest in learning more about NPS as adjuncts to pharmacological analgesics. Two-hundred and fourteen health care professionals were surveyed at two cancer treatment centres in Ontario, Canada. The self-report questionnaire included questions regarding 11 psychological strategies (e.g. imagery) and eight
other NPS (e.g. acupuncture). The response rate was 67% (141/214). Subjects were found to be the least familiar with autogenic training, operant conditioning, and cognitive therapy. Other than radiation and surgery, subjects most commonly reported recommending support groups (67%), imagery (54%), music or art therapy (49%) and meditation (43%) for managing cancer pain. Participants were most
interested in learning more about acupuncture, massage therapy, therapeutic touch, hypnosis, and biofeedback. Participants were somewhat familiar with most of the 19 NPS presented; however, they use or recommend few NPS for managing cancer pain. Health professionals' interest in NPS has important implications for the supportive care of cancer patients.

Crit Care Nurs Q. 1996 Feb;18(4):54-60.
An introduction to music therapy: helping the oncology patient in the ICU.
Johnston K, Rohaly-Davis J.
Oncology and critical care patients have unique and complex problems. With the explosion of technology and advances in medicine, many intensive care units are seeing an increase in oncology patients. Intensive care units are stressful and frightening; music therapy is a noninvasive holistic approach to bridging the gap between oncology patients and intensive care units.
Publication Types: Review

J Pediatr Oncol Nurs. 1995 Jan;12(1):3-8; discussion 9-10.
Music therapy research and applications in pediatric oncology treatment.
Standley JM, Hanser SB.
Center for Music Research, Florida State University, Tallahassee 32306-2098.
Music therapy is a profession which meets multiple physical, social, and psychological needs. Music therapists can facilitate health objectives by reducing the intensity or duration of pain, alleviating anxiety, and decreasing the amount of analgesic medication needed. Rehabilitative objectives can include activities which incorporate exercise, range of motion therapy, or gait training. Reduction of fear, anxiety, stress, or grief are common psychological objectives. Music therapy is particularly effective in promoting social objectives such as increased interaction, verbalization, independence, and cooperation; enhanced relationships with health care personnel and family members; and increased stimulation during long-term hospitalization or isolation. Counseling techniques are often paired with music to achieve emotional objectives such as expression, adjustment, stability, or locus of control. The purpose of this article is to synthesize the extant music/medical research literature and clarify how music therapy can provide a quintessential combination of physical, social, and psychological benefits to enhance the health care of pediatric oncology patients.
Publication Types: Review

J Holist Nurs. 1994 Mar;12(1):83-99.
Music for the dying: a personal account of the new field of music-thanatology--history, theories, and clinical narratives.
Schroeder-Sheker T.
Music-thanatology is a palliative medical modality employing prescriptive music to tend the complex physical and spiritual needs of the dying. "Infirmary music" was an intimate expression of French monastic medicine in 11th-century Cluny and anticipated the holism of both the hospice and palliative medical movements by almost 800 years. Although no longer an expression of any institutional religious identity, music-thanatology is nevertheless concerned with the possibility of a blessed death and the gift that conscious dying can bring to the fullness of life. Music-thanatology interns seek to integrate and model these contemplative and clinical values in daily practice: 18 interns deliver prescriptive music in bedside vigils serving the dying in home, hospital, and hospice settings with
great effectiveness in oncology, respiratory illnesses, the slow degenerative diseases, and AIDS. This article is submitted to nurses to serve as an introduction to the field of music-thanatology, providing readers with a brief history, meaningful clinical narratives, some of the musical theories involved,
research concerns (archival and medical), and milestones to be addressed for the future implementation of music-thanatology in hospitals and hospices and communities across the nation.

Cancer Nurs. 1986 Feb;9(1):23-8.
Music as an intervention in the oncology setting.
Cook JD.